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Adobe Wikipedia. This article is about the building material. Microsoft Office 2007 Full Version Student And Teacher more. For the software company, see Adobe Systems. Adobe wall detail in Bahillo, Palencia, Spain. No Cd Crack For Empire Earth 1' title='No Cd Crack For Empire Earth 1' />Shiraz, Iran. Its urban gardens are separated by adobe walls. Adobe US  listen, UK 1Spanish aoe is a building material made from earth and other organic materials. Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish, but in some English speaking regions of Spanish heritage it refers to any kind of earth construction, as most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings. Game Fixes, Trainers, NoCD Files, Cheats, Covers, Patches, Previews, Reviews, For PC, Nintendo 64, Playstation, PS2, Gameboy Advance, Gamecube, XBox, Dreamcast. Poured and puddled adobe puddled clay, piled earth today called cob, is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than making by individual dried bricks or using. Vincent Van Gogh Biography Despite being insane, this man produced many important works of art Nicholas II Biography This Russian Emperors poor leadership. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world. DescriptioneditAdobe bricks are most often made into units weighing less than 1. Modern methods of construction allow the pouring of whole adobe walls that are reinforced with steel. StrengtheditIn dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not somehow reinforced. Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1. Guatemala earthquake, the 2. The latest news articles from Billboard Magazine, including reviews, business, pop, hiphop, rock, dance, country and more. DVD Bluray. Australian Bargain CDsDVDs British Isles Canadian Dutch. Bam earthquake and the 2. Chile earthquake. DistributioneditBuildings made of sun dried earth are common throughout the world Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South America, southwestern North America, Spain, and Eastern Europe. Adobe had been in use by indigenous peoples of the Americas in the Southwestern United States, Mesoamerica, and the Andes for several thousand years. Puebloan peoples built their adobe structures with handfuls or basketfuls of adobe, until the Spanish introduced them to making bricks. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages eighth century BCE onwards. Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics. A distinction is sometimes made between the smaller adobes, which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks, and the larger adobines, some of which may be one to two yards 12 m long. EtymologyeditThe word adobe has existed for around 4. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian c. BC word bt mudbrick. Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic or pre Coptic, and finally to Coptic c. BC, where it appeared as tp. This was borrowed into Arabic as a awbu or a bu, with the definite articleal attached,9tuba,1. Old Spanish language as adobeadobe, probably via Mozarabic. English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 1. In more modern English usage, the term adobe has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desertclimates of North America, especially in New Mexico. CompositioneditAn adobe brick is a composite material made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as straw or dung. The soil composition typically contains sand, silt and clay. Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. Dung offers the same advantage. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 1. Another source quotes 1. Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 1. No more than half the clay content should be expansive clays with the remainder non expansive illite or kaolinite. Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the brick resulting in cracking, while too much kaolinite will make a weak brick. Typically the soils of the Southwest United States, where such construction is in use, are an adequate composition. Material propertiesedit. The Great Mosque of Djenn, Mali is built in adobe. The struts projecting from the wall serve as decoration, as well as supports for scaffolding during maintenance. Adobe walls are load bearing, i. In the United States, most building codes1. Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads. The building codes require the building sustain a 1 g lateral acceleration earthquake load. Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls, resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses. To withstand such loads, the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 5. In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the living space temperature. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun radiation and from the surrounding air convection before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time lag effect. Thus, a well planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material. Thermodynamic material properties are sparsely quoted. The thermal resistance of adobe is quoted as having an R value of R0 0. FBtu in1. 6 and a conductivity of 0. Wm K quoted from another source. A third source provides the following properties conductivity0. Btuh ft F heat capacity0. Btulb F density1. To determine the total R value of a wall for example, multiply R0 by the thickness of the wall. From knowledge of the adobe density, heat capacity and a diffusivity value, the conductivity is found to be k 0. Btuh ft F or 0. Wm K. The heat capacity is commonly quoted as cp 0. Btulb F or 8. 40 jouleskg K. The density is 9. The thermal diffusivity is calculated to be 0. Poured and puddled adobe wallsedit. Cliff dwellings of poured or puddled adobe cob at Cuarenta Casas in Mexico. Poured and puddled adobe puddled clay, piled earth today called cob, is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than making by individual dried bricks or using a form. Puddle is a general term for a clay or clay and sand based material worked into a dense, plastic state. These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in the ground were used as forms and then later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish. Adobe brickseditBricks made from adobe are usually made by pressing the mud mixture into an open timber frame. In North America, the brick is typically about 2. The mixture is molded into the frame, which is then is removed after initial setting. After drying for a few hours, the bricks are turned on edge to finish drying. Slow drying in shade reduces cracking. Gta Vice City English Language File Download. The same mixture, without straw, is used to make mortar and often plaster on interior and exterior walls. Some ancient cultures used lime based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage. Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks. Chill Out With 1. Full Hours of Relaxing Planet Earth Mountain Footage. When shooting a documentary, the vast majority of what you film gets edited out of the final production. But instead of letting thousands of hours of breathtaking footage go to waste, the creators of Planet Earth II have re purposed hundreds of breathtaking mountaintop shots into this 1. 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